Description

Pirates has finished developing a typing software. He asked Cathy to test his typing software.  Cathye is good at thinking. After testing for several days, she finds that if she types a string by some ways, she will type the key at smallest times.  But she has a bad habit that if the caps lock is on, she must turn off it after she finishes typing. Now she wants to know the smallest times of typing the key to finish typing a string. 

Input

For each test case, there is only one string which consists of lowercase letter and upper case letter. The length of the string is at most 100.

Output

For each test case, you must output the smallest times of typing the key to finish typing this string

Sample Input

Pirates
NBUacm
NBUACM

Sample Output

8
8
8

HINT

The string “Pirates”, can type this way, Shift, p, i, r, a, t, e, s, the answer is 8.

The string “NBUacm”, can type this way, Caps lock, n, b, u, Caps lock, a, c, m, the answer is 8

The string "NBUACM", can type this way Caps lock n, b, u, a, c, m, Caps lock, the answer is 8

Source

NBU OJ